![]() ![]() In experimental stroke, microglia are activated to an anti-inflammatory state in the acute phase of stroke but they are rapidly polarized to an pro-inflammatory state by the ischemic neurons. Microglia, as the resident immune cells of the brain, exist in three functional phenotypes known as surveillance (M0), pro-inflammatory, and anti-inflammatory states and can dynamically change from one form to another. This balance is altered in favor of pro-inflammatory cells and cytokines in comorbid diseases like diabetes. It is recognized that the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators determines the detrimental or beneficial effects of neuroinflammation on brain injury and repair after stroke. As the rate of both stroke and PSCI increases with our aging population, there is an urgent need for better understanding of the mechanisms that hamper or promote recovery after stroke in order to identify therapeutic targets and strategies. PSCI, along with sensorimotor deficits that develop after the ischemic brain injury, makes stroke a major cause of adult disability with more than 60% of its victims struggling to perform daily activities and losing their independence. Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI), the rate of which doubled between 19, likely due to decreased stroke mortality, is an important component of vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) spectrum disorders. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |